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Linux 命令參考

快速查找檔案管理、文字處理、進程、網路等必備 Linux/Unix 命令。

檔案 & 目錄

ls -laList files with details and hidden files
cd <dir>Change directory
pwdPrint working directory
mkdir -p <dir>Create directory (and parents)
rm -rf <dir>Remove directory recursively (careful!)
cp -r <src> <dest>Copy files/directories recursively
mv <src> <dest>Move or rename file/directory
touch <file>Create empty file or update timestamp
find . -name "*.txt"Find files by name pattern
find . -type f -size +10MFind files larger than 10MB
du -sh *Show disk usage of each item
df -hShow disk space usage

文字處理

cat <file>Print file contents
less <file>Page through file (q to quit)
head -n 20 <file>Show first 20 lines
tail -n 20 <file>Show last 20 lines
tail -f <file>Follow file (live log viewing)
grep -r "pattern" .Search for pattern recursively
grep -i "pattern" <file>Case-insensitive search
grep -n "pattern" <file>Show line numbers in results
sed -i "s/old/new/g" <file>Replace text in file in-place
awk '{print $1}' <file>Print first column
sort <file>Sort lines alphabetically
sort -n -k2 <file>Sort numerically by 2nd column
uniq -cCount and deduplicate adjacent lines
wc -l <file>Count lines in file
cut -d"," -f1,3 <file>Cut specific columns (CSV)

進程

ps auxList all running processes
topInteractive process viewer
htopEnhanced process viewer (if installed)
kill <pid>Terminate process by PID
kill -9 <pid>Force kill process
pkill <name>Kill processes by name
pgrep <name>Find PIDs by process name
nohup <cmd> &Run command immune to hangups, in background
jobsList background jobs
bg %1Resume job 1 in background
fg %1Bring job 1 to foreground

權限 & 所有權

chmod 755 <file>Set rwxr-xr-x permissions
chmod +x <file>Make file executable
chown user:group <file>Change file owner and group
sudo <cmd>Run command as superuser
sudo -iSwitch to root shell
su - <user>Switch to another user
umask 022Set default permission mask

網路

curl -I <url>Show response headers only
curl -L -o file <url>Download file following redirects
wget <url>Download file
ping <host>Test network connectivity
traceroute <host>Trace network path to host
nslookup <domain>DNS lookup
dig <domain>Detailed DNS lookup
netstat -tulnShow listening ports
ss -tulnShow listening ports (modern)
ssh user@hostConnect via SSH
scp <file> user@host:/pathCopy file via SSH
rsync -avz src/ user@host:dest/Sync files efficiently

歸檔 & 壓縮

tar -czf archive.tar.gz <dir>Create gzip compressed archive
tar -xzf archive.tar.gzExtract gzip archive
tar -cjf archive.tar.bz2 <dir>Create bzip2 compressed archive
zip -r archive.zip <dir>Create zip archive
unzip archive.zipExtract zip archive
gzip <file>Compress file with gzip
gunzip <file>.gzDecompress gzip file

系統資訊

uname -aSystem and kernel information
cat /etc/os-releaseOS version information
free -hMemory usage
uptimeSystem uptime and load
whoWho is logged in
idCurrent user and group IDs
envShow environment variables
export VAR=valueSet environment variable
which <cmd>Find command path
historyCommand history
man <cmd>Manual page for a command

關於本工具

Linux 命令參考提供了精選的必備 Linux/Unix 命令集合，按檔案目錄管理、文字處理、進程控制、權限與所有權、網路、歸檔壓縮和系統資訊七個類別整理。

每條命令都附有實際使用範例和簡潔說明。使用搜尋框可按命令名稱或描述關鍵詞快速篩選。

使用方法

  1. 在搜尋框中輸入命令名稱或關鍵詞。
  2. 捲動瀏覽各類別查找命令。
  3. 查看命令和說明，然後在終端機中使用。
  4. 將尖括號（<>）中的佔位符替換為實際值。

使用情境

適合撰寫部署腳本的 DevOps 工程師、除錯伺服器問題的系統管理員、查看檔案權限或進程的開發人員，以及學習 Linux 命令列基礎的初學者。

常見問題

  • 尖括號（<>）代表什麼？ 尖括號是佔位符。請將 <dir> 替換為實際目錄路徑，<file> 替換為檔案名稱，<pid> 替換為進程 ID，以此類推。
  • 命令未找到怎麼辦？ 某些命令（如 htop）預設未安裝。請使用套件管理器安裝（如 sudo apt install htop），或用 man 命令驗證是否可用。
  • 使用 sudo 時需要注意什麼？ sudo 以超級使用者權限執行命令。與 rm -rf 等破壞性命令結合使用可能造成不可逆的資料遺失。執行前務必仔細檢查。